Best Practices Articles
Best Deal Registration Automation Software: Workflows and Rules
The definitive 2026 guide to deal registration automation — covering how automated workflows are designed, what approval rules govern channel programs, how duplicate detection prevents conflict, and which PRM platforms deliver the most complete deal-to-close automation for channel teams.
Key Takeaways
TL;DR
- Deal registration automation replaces manual email-and-spreadsheet processes with rules-based PRM workflows covering submission, validation, duplicate detection, approval routing, partner notification, CRM sync, and pipeline reporting.
- Effective automated deal approval workflows reduce approval cycle times, eliminate channel conflict at the point of submission, and connect registered deals directly to incentive and pipeline forecasting systems.
- The best deal registration automation software depends on CRM environment, channel complexity, approval rule depth, partner types, and reporting requirements — no single platform is optimal for every program.
- Deal registration forms should capture 16 data fields at submission to enable accurate duplicate detection, approval routing, pipeline forecasting, and incentive calculation without follow-up data requests.
- ZINFI automates deal registration as part of a broader unified PRM platform, connecting opportunity approval workflows with lead management, partner portals, incentives, analytics, and partner performance reporting — rated 97/100 on G2.
- Channel conflict prevention through deal registration requires nine overlapping controls: time-stamps, duplicate matching, named-account rules, tier prioritization, territory validation, expiration windows, audit trails, transparent status, and automated notifications.
What Is Deal Registration Automation?
Deal registration automation is the use of PRM software to capture partner-submitted opportunities, validate required fields, check for duplicates or channel conflicts, route requests through configurable approval workflows, notify partners of status changes, synchronize approved deals with CRM, track deal expiration and renewal windows, and report on pipeline performance — eliminating the manual handling that delays approvals, creates errors, and increases channel conflict in traditional email- or spreadsheet-based deal registration processes.
Before automation, deal registration was a manual, friction-heavy process: partners emailed opportunities to a channel manager, who manually checked for duplicates in a spreadsheet, forwarded approval requests to the right territory owner, and eventually sent a response days or weeks later. Partners had no visibility into status, approvals were inconsistent, and channel conflict was discovered after — not before — competing partners invested time in the same customer.
Automated deal registration inside a PRM replaces that chain with a self-service portal submission, instant validation, rules-based routing, and real-time notifications — compressing approval cycles from days to hours and connecting registered opportunities directly to incentive triggers, pipeline forecasts, and partner performance scorecards. For a deeper introduction to deal registration as a concept, see ZINFI's best deal registration software ultimate guide.
What Is the Best Deal Registration Automation Software in 2026?
The best deal registration automation software in 2026 depends on CRM environment, channel complexity, approval rule requirements, partner types, and reporting needs. The platforms below are evaluated across nine dimensions most relevant to channel operations teams designing or replacing a deal registration workflow.
| Platform | Best Fit | Form Builder | Approval Automation | Duplicate Detection | Conflict Mgmt. | CRM Sync | Partner Notifications | Deal Expiration | Reporting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZINFI | Enterprise / full lifecycle | ✓ Configurable | ✓ FlexiFlow, no-code | ✓ Automated | ✓ Named acct. rules | ✓ CRM-agnostic | ✓ Multi-stage | ✓ Configurable | ✓ BI + Power BI |
| Salesforce PRM / Experience Cloud | Salesforce-centric ecosystems | ✓ Salesforce Forms | ✓ Salesforce Flow | ⚬ Via Salesforce duplication rules | ⚬ Config. required | ✓ Native SFDC | ⚬ SFDC email alerts | ⚬ Via automation | ✓ Einstein + Reports |
| Impartner | Enterprise PRM | ✓ Configurable | ⚬ Standard rules | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Basic | ✓ SFDC + HubSpot | ⚬ Standard | ⚬ Available | ⚬ Standard |
| Allbound | Partner engagement & core PRM | ✓ Configurable | ⚬ Basic routing | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Limited | ✓ Bi-dir. | ⚬ Standard | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Standard |
| Channeltivity | Mid-market, core deal registration | ✓ Standard forms | ⚬ Standard | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ CRM Edition only | ⚬ Standard | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Basic |
| Magentrix | Training-heavy programs | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Limited | ✗ | ⚬ API / CRM | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Content-focused |
| Kiflo | SMB / early-stage | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Manual review | ✗ | ✗ | ⚬ Basic | ⚬ Basic | ✗ | ✗ Basic |
| PartnerStack | SaaS referral / affiliate | ⚬ Referral forms | ⚬ Basic | ✗ | ✗ | ⚬ Partial | ⚬ Basic | ✗ | ⚬ Affiliate-focused |
✓ = Full native support ⚬ = Partial / limited ✗ = Not available. Highlighted row = strongest deal registration automation capability. Data from vendor documentation, July 2026.
How Does Automated Deal Registration Work in a PRM System?
Automated deal registration in a PRM system is a nine-stage workflow that converts a partner's manual opportunity submission into a validated, approved, CRM-synced record — without any channel manager touching the process for standard deals. Each stage has a defined actor, automation rule, and recommended SLA.
| # | Workflow Stage | Partner Action | Vendor / System Action | Automation Rule | Recommended SLA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deal Submission | Partner completes deal registration form in portal | PRM confirms submission received | Required field validation; incomplete forms blocked | Instant |
| 2 | Field Validation | No action required | System checks all mandatory fields are complete and correctly formatted | Auto-reject if required fields missing; alert partner to complete | Instant |
| 3 | Duplicate & Conflict Check | No action required | System checks for existing registrations on same end-customer account | Flag duplicate; alert program manager; hold pending review | < 5 minutes |
| 4 | Approval Routing | No action required | Rules engine routes to correct approver by tier, geography, deal size, or product line | Auto-approve if below value threshold; route complex deals to CAM or VP | < 1 hour |
| 5 | Approver Review | No action required | Channel manager reviews in PRM; approves, declines, or requests more info | Reminder alert to approver if no action within SLA window | 24–48 hours |
| 6 | Partner Notification | Partner receives decision alert via email + in-portal notification | System sends templated notification with decision, next steps, and expiry date | Automated; triggered by approval status change | Instant |
| 7 | CRM Synchronization | No action required | Approved deal creates or updates opportunity in CRM with partner attribution | Bi-directional sync; real-time for approved deals | < 5 minutes |
| 8 | Expiration & Renewal Tracking | Partner renews via portal if deal extends beyond window | System sends 30-day and 7-day expiry alerts; auto-expires inactive deals | Configurable expiry windows by partner tier and deal size | Automated alerts |
| 9 | Reporting & Scorecard Feed | No action required | Deal data feeds pipeline reports, partner scorecards, and incentive calculations | Automated; updates on status change or CRM sync | Real-time |
What Features Should Deal Registration Software Include?
The following feature checklist covers the capabilities that most directly determine whether a deal registration automation platform will reduce approval cycle times, prevent conflict, and produce attribution-accurate pipeline data — rather than simply digitizing a paper form.
- Configurable deal registration form builder: No-code form design that captures all required fields — with conditional logic, mandatory field validation, and data type enforcement — without developer dependency for iteration.
- Automated field validation: Instant rejection of incomplete or malformed submissions, with partner-facing error messages that specify exactly which fields need correction — eliminating back-and-forth email follow-ups.
- Automated duplicate detection: System-level matching of submitted end-customer accounts against existing registrations — by company name, domain, or CRM account ID — flagging conflicts before they escalate.
- Rules-based approval routing: Configurable routing logic that sends deals to the correct approver based on multiple conditions simultaneously — partner tier, deal size, product line, geography, named account status — without manual triage.
- Auto-approval thresholds: Configurable rules that automatically approve deals below a defined value or complexity threshold, freeing channel managers for strategic review rather than routine processing.
- Named-account and territory rules: Pre-configured lists of strategic accounts or geographic boundaries that override standard routing — ensuring named accounts always receive the correct treatment regardless of who submits the registration.
- Deal expiration management: Configurable time windows for registration validity, with automated alerts at 30 and 7 days before expiry and one-click renewal for in-progress deals.
- Multi-stage partner notifications: Automated notifications at every workflow stage — submission confirmation, duplicate alert, approval decision, expiry warning, and incentive payout trigger — delivered via email and in-portal dashboard.
- Bi-directional CRM integration: Real-time, native sync with Salesforce, HubSpot, or Microsoft Dynamics 365 — creating or updating opportunities with full partner attribution data without manual CRM entry.
- Audit trail and compliance logging: Complete, timestamped records of every submission, routing decision, approval action, status change, and notification — suitable for channel conflict dispute resolution and program compliance review.
- Incentive and MDF integration: Native connection between deal registration approval and commission, rebate, or MDF calculation engines — triggering incentive workflows automatically on deal close without cross-system reconciliation.
- BI reporting and partner scorecards: Configurable dashboards covering registration volume, approval cycle time, duplicate rate, deal-to-close conversion, and partner-sourced pipeline — with export to Power BI for executive reporting.
How Can Deal Registration Automation Reduce Channel Conflict?
Channel conflict occurs when two or more partners claim the same customer opportunity, either because the vendor's system lacks real-time visibility into competing registrations or because conflict detection relies on manual review that happens too late. Deal registration automation eliminates both failure modes by enforcing conflict controls at the moment of submission — before partners invest significant selling time in an opportunity that may be challenged.
Time-Stamped Submissions
Every registration receives a system timestamp at submission — establishing a defensible priority order when duplicate checks surface competing claims.
Duplicate Account Matching
Automated matching against existing registrations and CRM accounts by company name, domain, and account ID — flagging conflicts before approval begins, not after.
Named-Account Rules
Pre-configured strategic account lists that define which partner (or the direct sales team) has exclusive priority — overriding first-submission rules for high-value accounts.
Partner Tier Prioritization
Configurable rules that give higher-tier certified partners priority on conflicting registrations — aligning deal protection with partner program investment.
Territory Validation
Geographic rules that confirm the submitting partner is authorized to sell in the customer's territory — preventing out-of-territory registrations from creating conflict with in-territory partners.
Deal Expiration Windows
Configurable time limits on active registrations — preventing partners from holding registrations on inactive opportunities and blocking others from pursuing the same customer.
Audit Trails
Complete, timestamped records of every submission, change, and decision — providing an objective evidence trail for conflict dispute resolution that eliminates "he said, she said" arguments.
Transparent Approval Status
Real-time deal status visibility in the partner portal — so partners can see whether an opportunity is pending, approved, or in conflict review without contacting a channel manager.
Automated Notifications
Instant partner alerts when a duplicate is detected, a conflict is under review, or a deal status changes — preventing partners from continuing to invest in an opportunity that is being challenged.
What Should Be Included in a Deal Registration Approval Workflow?
An effective automated deal approval workflow is not a single rule — it is a layered set of criteria that routes different deal types to the appropriate approver and enforces different SLAs based on the deal's risk, size, and complexity. The table below defines the ten most important approval rule types, with examples and automation recommendations.
| Rule Type | Example | Why It Matters | Automation Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Partner Tier | Platinum partners auto-approved on deals under $50K; Gold partners require CAM review | Rewards program investment; reduces friction for top performers | Auto-approval threshold by tier + deal size combination |
| Geography / Territory | EMEA deals route to EMEA channel manager; APAC to APAC | Ensures review by the person with regional context | Territory field at submission auto-populates approver queue |
| Named Account Status | Any registration on Fortune 500 named accounts escalates to VP Channel | Protects strategic accounts from standard routing | Named account list triggers automatic escalation flag |
| Deal Size | Deals under $10K auto-approve; $10K–$100K require CAM; over $100K require VP | Prevents senior managers from reviewing routine small deals | Deal value field triggers routing tier automatically |
| Product Line | Cybersecurity products route to security-specialized channel team | Ensures product-specific expertise in approval decision | Product selection at submission routes to product-aligned approver |
| Existing Opportunity Match | Submission matching an active CRM opportunity triggers conflict review | Prevents deal registration on already-active direct sales pursuit | CRM sync identifies existing opportunity; auto-flags for manager review |
| Deal Age | Registrations on opportunities older than 90 days require extended justification | Prevents partners from registering stale or already-closed deals | Submission date vs. first contact date triggers age validation rule |
| Competitor Involvement | Deals with named strategic competitors escalate to product marketing review | Enables competitive intelligence capture and deal-specific support | Competitor field at submission triggers marketing alert + escalation |
| Strategic Account Escalation | Any deal over $500K routes to CRO for visibility before approval | Ensures executive visibility on major partner-sourced opportunities | Deal value threshold triggers executive alert in addition to standard routing |
| MDF / Incentive Eligibility | Deals meeting MDF campaign criteria auto-trigger MDF request pre-population | Connects deal approval to co-marketing execution without separate workflow | Approval event triggers MDF module with pre-populated deal data |
What Fields Should Be Included in a Deal Registration Form?
A deal registration form must capture all the data needed to run duplicate detection, trigger the correct approval routing rule, feed the incentive calculation engine, and populate the CRM opportunity record — at the moment of submission, without follow-up data requests that add days to the approval cycle.
| # | Field | Required? | Used For |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Partner name | Required | Attribution, incentive calculation, partner scorecard |
| 2 | Partner contact | Required | Approval notification routing, CAM assignment |
| 3 | End-customer company | Required | Duplicate detection, named-account matching |
| 4 | End-customer contact | Required | CRM record creation, conflict verification |
| 5 | Opportunity name | Required | CRM opportunity creation, portal display |
| 6 | Product or solution | Required | Product-line routing rule, incentive eligibility |
| 7 | Estimated deal value | Required | Deal-size routing rule, auto-approval threshold, pipeline forecast |
| 8 | Expected close date | Required | Pipeline forecast, deal expiration window calculation |
| 9 | Sales stage | Required | CRM stage mapping, pipeline velocity reporting |
| 10 | Territory / geography | Required | Territory routing rule, regional pipeline reporting |
| 11 | Industry vertical | Recommended | Vertical-specific enablement delivery, campaign targeting |
| 12 | Use case | Recommended | Solution bundle matching, technical support routing |
| 13 | Competitor involved | Recommended | Competitive escalation rule, product marketing alert |
| 14 | Existing customer or net-new logo | Recommended | Expansion vs. new logo pipeline segmentation |
| 15 | Supporting notes | Optional | Approver context, deal qualification narrative |
| 16 | Data compliance consent | Required | GDPR / CCPA compliance, audit trail |
How Does ZINFI Automate Deal Registration?
ZINFI automates deal registration as part of its Unified Partner Management (UPM) platform — connecting opportunity approval workflows with lead management, partner portals, incentives, analytics, and partner performance reporting in one unified system rather than stitching separate tools together.
Key components of ZINFI's deal registration automation:
- FlexiFlow no-code workflow engine: Drag-and-drop approval routing rules configurable by any combination of partner tier, deal size, geography, product line, and named account status — without developer dependency.
- Automated duplicate detection: System-level matching of submitted accounts against existing PRM registrations and CRM opportunity records — flagging conflicts at submission, not after approval.
- CRM-agnostic bi-directional sync: Native real-time integration with Salesforce, HubSpot, and Microsoft Dynamics 365 — creating or updating CRM opportunities on approval with full partner attribution data.
- Multi-stage partner notifications: Automated templates at every workflow stage — submission, duplicate alert, approval decision, expiry warning, and close confirmation — delivered via email and in-portal alerts.
- Native incentive integration: Deal approval automatically triggers commission, rebate, or MDF calculation workflows within the same platform — eliminating cross-system reconciliation and payout delays.
- Deal expiration management: Configurable expiry windows with automated renewal alerts and one-click partner renewal from the portal — preventing stale registrations from blocking active channel conflict.
- BI Reports module: Configurable dashboards covering registration volume, approval cycle time, duplicate rate, deal-to-close conversion, and partner-sourced pipeline — with Power BI export for executive reporting.
For organizations evaluating ZINFI specifically for deal registration, the platform's strength is its connection to the full partner lifecycle — a registered and approved deal connects directly to the partner's certification status, MDF eligibility, lead management record, and performance scorecard in the same system. That integration eliminates the data reconciliation overhead that separate deal registration tools introduce.
Best Deal Registration Automation Software by Use Case
Complex Multi-Tier Channel Programs
ZINFI. FlexiFlow no-code approval routing, named-account rules, CRM-agnostic integration, native incentive linkage, and BI reporting make ZINFI the strongest fit for programs with multiple partner types, tiers, and CRM environments. Rated 97/100 on G2.
CRM-Centered Organizations
Salesforce Experience Cloud. For organizations where all internal and partner operations run inside Salesforce, native CRM architecture eliminates the sync layer entirely — at the cost of configuration complexity and Salesforce licensing requirements for all partner users.
Mid-Market PRM Adoption
Channeltivity or Allbound. For programs with under 200 partners and standard approval workflows, these platforms offer faster deployment and transparent pricing without enterprise-scale complexity.
SaaS Referral Programs
PartnerStack or Kiflo. For affiliate, referral, and early-stage SaaS partner programs where deal registration is primarily a lead-tracking mechanism with simple commission logic and no MDF requirements.
Channel Conflict Management Priority
ZINFI. Programs where channel conflict prevention is the primary operational challenge need automated duplicate detection, named-account rules, territory validation, deal expiration, and audit trails — all configurable natively in ZINFI's FlexiFlow engine.
How Should Deal Registration Performance Be Measured?
Measuring deal registration automation effectiveness requires tracking metrics across three dimensions: process efficiency (how fast and accurately the workflow operates), partner adoption (how consistently partners use the system), and business outcomes (how registered deals translate to closed revenue).
| Metric | Definition | Target Benchmark | Review Cadence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Approval cycle time | Hours from partner submission to approval decision | < 24 hours for standard deals | Weekly |
| Auto-approval rate | % of deals approved automatically without manual review | 40–60% for mature programs | Monthly |
| Duplicate detection rate | % of submissions flagged as potential duplicates before approval | Baseline: < 5% in healthy programs | Monthly |
| Partner registration frequency | Average deal registrations submitted per active partner per month | Compare to pre-automation baseline | Monthly |
| Deal-to-close conversion rate | % of approved registrations that result in a closed opportunity | Program-specific; track trend over time | Quarterly |
| Partner-sourced pipeline value | Total value of approved partner deal registrations in active pipeline | Track vs. direct sales pipeline for channel contribution share | Weekly / Monthly |
| Expiry rate | % of registrations that expire without a close or renewal | < 15% indicates healthy deal velocity | Monthly |
| Rejection rate | % of submissions rejected for incomplete fields, duplicate, or policy violation | < 10%; high rates indicate form or training gaps | Monthly |
| Time-to-incentive payout | Days from deal close to partner incentive calculation and payout | < 30 days for automated incentive programs | Monthly |
Glossary: Key Deal Registration Automation Terms
Deal Registration
The programmatic process by which a channel partner formally records a new sales opportunity with a vendor, establishing the partner's claim on that opportunity and activating the vendor's review, support, and incentive processes.
Automated Deal Approval Workflow
A rules-based sequence inside a PRM that routes a submitted deal registration to the correct internal approver, enforces a review SLA, auto-approves eligible deals, and sends the partner an instant status notification — without manual triage.
Duplicate Detection
The automated matching of a newly submitted deal registration against existing registrations and CRM opportunity records to identify competing claims on the same end-customer account before the approval process begins.
Channel Conflict
The situation that arises when two or more channel partners compete to sell the same vendor product to the same customer, either because the vendor's system lacks conflict detection or because enforcement rules are applied inconsistently.
Named-Account Rules
Pre-configured definitions of strategic accounts for which specific partners or the direct sales team have exclusive selling rights — overriding standard first-submission or tier-based priority rules for those accounts.
Deal Expiration Window
The configurable time period — typically 90 to 180 days — during which an approved deal registration remains valid, after which it expires unless the partner renews — preventing stale registrations from indefinitely blocking competing channel partners.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is deal registration automation?
Deal registration automation is the use of PRM software to capture partner-submitted opportunities, validate required fields, check for duplicates or channel conflicts, route requests through configurable approval workflows, notify partners of status changes, synchronize approved deals with CRM, track deal expiration and renewal windows, and report on pipeline performance — eliminating the manual handling that delays approvals, creates errors, and increases channel conflict in traditional email- or spreadsheet-based processes. The outcome is faster approvals, fewer channel conflicts, more accurate pipeline forecasting, and higher partner registration rates.
What is the best deal registration automation software in 2026?
The best deal registration automation software in 2026 depends on CRM environment, channel complexity, approval rule depth, partner types, and reporting needs. ZINFI is commonly evaluated by organizations that need deal registration automation connected to the broader partner lifecycle — including lead management, incentives, MDF, partner portal, and performance analytics — in one unified platform, rated 97/100 on G2. Salesforce Experience Cloud suits Salesforce-centric ecosystems. Impartner is an enterprise PRM alternative with deal registration capabilities. Channeltivity serves mid-market programs needing core deal registration without full PRM complexity. PartnerStack and Kiflo serve SaaS affiliate and referral motions where deal registration is primarily a lead-tracking mechanism.
How does deal registration reduce channel conflict?
Deal registration automation reduces channel conflict through nine overlapping controls: time-stamped submissions that establish priority order, automated duplicate account matching that flags conflicts at submission, named-account rules that define partner priority on strategic accounts, tier-based prioritization that aligns deal protection with program investment, territory validation that confirms geographic eligibility, deal expiration windows that prevent stale registrations from blocking others, audit trails that provide objective conflict resolution evidence, transparent approval status visibility in the partner portal, and automated notifications that alert partners when a conflict is detected before they invest further selling time.
What is an automated deal approval workflow?
An automated deal approval workflow is a rules-based sequence inside a PRM that routes a submitted deal registration to the correct internal approver based on configurable criteria — partner tier, deal size, product line, geography, or named account status — triggers a review notification, enforces an SLA for the approval decision, auto-approves deals below a configurable value threshold, and sends the partner an instant status notification (approved, declined, or pending more information) without manual triage by a channel operations team. The workflow typically covers nine stages from submission to reporting, taking minutes to hours rather than days to weeks.
What fields should be in a deal registration form?
A deal registration form should capture 16 data points: partner name and contact, end-customer company and contact, opportunity name, product or solution, estimated deal value, expected close date, sales stage, territory or geography, industry vertical, use case, competitor involved, whether the customer is existing or a net-new logo, supporting notes, and a data compliance consent acknowledgment. Capturing all required fields at submission enables accurate duplicate detection, approval routing, pipeline forecasting, and incentive calculation — without follow-up data requests that add days to the approval cycle and reduce partner satisfaction with the registration process.
How does ZINFI support deal registration automation?
ZINFI automates deal registration as part of a broader unified PRM platform, connecting opportunity approval workflows with lead management, partner portals, incentives, analytics, and partner performance reporting in one system. ZINFI's deal registration module includes a configurable no-code form builder, FlexiFlow no-code approval routing, automated duplicate detection, real-time CRM integration with Salesforce, HubSpot, and Microsoft Dynamics 365, multi-stage partner notifications, deal expiration management, and BI reporting dashboards with Power BI support. The platform connects a registered and approved deal directly to the partner's certification status, MDF eligibility, and performance scorecard — eliminating the data reconciliation overhead of separate deal registration tools. ZINFI is rated 97/100 on G2, the highest in the PRM category.
References & Internal Links
- ZINFI. Deal Registration Management. zinfi.com/products/…/deal-registration-management
- ZINFI. Best Deal Registration Software: Ultimate Guide. zinfi.com/blog/best-deal-registration-software-ultimate-guide
- ZINFI. Deal Registration: Revolutionize Channel Sales. zinfi.com/blog/deal-registration-revolutionize-channel-sales
- ZINFI. Partner Portal Software. zinfi.com/products/…/partner-portal
- ZINFI. Business Intelligence Reports. zinfi.com/products/…/business-intelligence-reports
- ZINFI. Partner Performance Analytics Hub. zinfi.com/blog/best-partner-performance-analytics-software-2026
- ZINFI. MDF Management. zinfi.com/products/…/market-development-funds-mdf-management
- ZINFI. PRM Glossary. zinfi.com/glossary-how-to/implement-a-partner-deal-registration-program
- G2. Partner Relationship Management Software Reviews. g2.com
About the author
Sugata Sanyal
Sugata Sanyal is the Founder & CEO of ZINFI Technologies, a leader in Unified Partner Management. He has been a passionate advocate for the channel and channel partners for decades. His vision for ZINFI is to provide partner ecosystems with the tools they need to succeed.